![]() ![]() It is highly likely that higher antibody levels are more protective than lower antibody levels however, the ‘correlate of antibody derived protection from infection’ – the titre of anti- S neutralising antibody to prevent viral infection (sterilising protection) – for SARS-CoV-2 is unknown. It is not yet known what level of antibodies are protective against infection. In immune naive people, antibodies are made from 4 days post infection or immunisation (exposure) and become reliably detectable within 20 days of symptom onset, but can take longer. anti- S positive confirms previous infection and/or response to vaccination. ![]() anti- N positive confirms previous infection.All SARS-CoV-2 vaccines currently licensed in the UK, USA and EU contain only the S protein or gene. Tests available to NHS clinicians are lab-based and measure antibodies made against these proteins: anti- S or anti- N antibodies. Most antibodies are made against parts of the spike ( S) and nucleocapsid ( N) proteins. Most people infected with SARS-CoV-2 generate antibodies against the structural proteins of the virus. It is complemented by Extended information for medical professionals and researchers on using and interpreting SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests, which provides additional information on the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 (the coronavirus that causes COVID-19) infection, including interpretation of atypical antibody responses and responses in special groups. This guidance provides healthcare professionals key information on how antibody tests should be interpreted. As more people access antibody tests there is an increasing chance that people approach health care professionals for advice, particularly after vaccination. People are increasingly accessing antibody testing, either through various different surveillance studies, private providers, or directly through government-supported services. ![]()
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