![]() The process of ionization will be discussed more in depth in the X-rays module. So, when an atom gains one or more electrons, it has more electrons than protons so it acquires the negative charge and is known as an anion (ion with a. The amount of ionization that occurs is dependent upon two main factors, (1) the radiation energy, and (2) the type of material the radiation is interacting with. In order to liberate an electron from its parent atom, it will take energy that is at least equal to the binding energy that holds the electron. This means that the electrons are held in their electron shells by a quantity of binding energy. In the ionosphere one would expect to see ions of oxygen or nitrogen, the main atmospheric gases, and in fact most ions there are O+, oxygen atoms which have lost one electron (out of eight). ![]() One way ionization occurs is through radiation.ÂĪtoms are held together by a binding energy. Consequently, the liberated electron is a negative ion, as long as it exists by itself and does not combine with another atom. With an electron removed, the atom possesses a plus one charge, therefore it is a positive ion. That is, there are more protons in the nucleus (positive charges) than there are electrons (negative charges). If the charge is negative, electrons are in excess. Cation Versus Anion Cations are ions with a net positive charge. If the charge is positive, there are more protons than electrons. The number of neutrons determines the isotope of an element but does not affect the electrical charge. If we remove an electron from a stable atom, the atom becomes electrically incomplete/unbalanced. If there are more electrons than protons, the species has a negative charge. d) all electron subshells can hold eight electrons. ![]() c) atoms, during compound formation, frequently obtain eight valence electrons. b) ions with charges of +8 and -8 are very stable. Ionization is any process that changes the electrical balance within an atom. The 'octet rule' relates to the number eight because: a) only atoms with eight valence electrons undergo chemical reaction. After reading this section you will be able to:Īn ion is an atom, group of atoms, or a particle with a positive or negative charge. ![]()
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